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Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa
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| Zeitschriftentitel: | Mineralogical Magazine |
|---|---|
| Personen und Körperschaften: | , , , |
| In: | Mineralogical Magazine, 59, 1995, 397, S. 703-716 |
| Format: | E-Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| veröffentlicht: |
Mineralogical Society
|
| Schlagwörter: |
| author_facet |
Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. |
|---|---|
| author |
Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. |
| spellingShingle |
Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. Mineralogical Magazine Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Geochemistry and Petrology |
| author_sort |
gutzmmer, j. |
| spelling |
Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. 0026-461X 1471-8022 Mineralogical Society Geochemistry and Petrology http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12 <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hausmannite (Mn<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>), a manganese oxide with a tetragonally distorted spinel structure, is considered to be ferrimagnetic with a very low Curie temperature of 42.5 K. However, strongly magnetic hausmannite has been discovered in some of the hydrothermally altered high-grade manganese ores of the giant Kalahari manganese deposit in South Africa. EDS-electron microprobe analyses indicate magnetic hausmannite to contain on average between 3 and 11.3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. In contrast non-magnetic hausmannite contains on average about 1–3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. X-ray powder diffraction analyses reveal small changes in cell dimensions of the magnetic hausmannite related to the high iron content. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that all iron is in the trivalent state. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron back-scatter imaging) proved the magnetic hausmannite to be homogeneous in composition, containing only a few minute inclusions of hematite. Magnetic blocking temperatures of the iron-rich hausmannite, approximating the Curie temperature, are of the order of 750 K. It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic state of hausmannite is stabilized and enhanced by replacement of Mn<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> by Fe<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>.</jats:p> Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Mineralogical Magazine |
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10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12 |
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| title |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_unstemmed |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_full |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_fullStr |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_short |
Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_sort |
magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the palaeoproterozoic kalahari manganese deposit, transvaal supergroup, south africa |
| topic |
Geochemistry and Petrology |
| url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12 |
| publishDate |
1995 |
| physical |
703-716 |
| description |
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hausmannite (Mn<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>), a manganese oxide with a tetragonally distorted spinel structure, is considered to be ferrimagnetic with a very low Curie temperature of 42.5 K. However, strongly magnetic hausmannite has been discovered in some of the hydrothermally altered high-grade manganese ores of the giant Kalahari manganese deposit in South Africa. EDS-electron microprobe analyses indicate magnetic hausmannite to contain on average between 3 and 11.3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. In contrast non-magnetic hausmannite contains on average about 1–3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. X-ray powder diffraction analyses reveal small changes in cell dimensions of the magnetic hausmannite related to the high iron content. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that all iron is in the trivalent state. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron back-scatter imaging) proved the magnetic hausmannite to be homogeneous in composition, containing only a few minute inclusions of hematite. Magnetic blocking temperatures of the iron-rich hausmannite, approximating the Curie temperature, are of the order of 750 K. It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic state of hausmannite is stabilized and enhanced by replacement of Mn<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> by Fe<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>.</jats:p> |
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| author | Gutzmmer, J., Beukes, N. J., Kleyenstuber, A. S. E., Burger, A. M. |
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| description | <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hausmannite (Mn<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>), a manganese oxide with a tetragonally distorted spinel structure, is considered to be ferrimagnetic with a very low Curie temperature of 42.5 K. However, strongly magnetic hausmannite has been discovered in some of the hydrothermally altered high-grade manganese ores of the giant Kalahari manganese deposit in South Africa. EDS-electron microprobe analyses indicate magnetic hausmannite to contain on average between 3 and 11.3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. In contrast non-magnetic hausmannite contains on average about 1–3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. X-ray powder diffraction analyses reveal small changes in cell dimensions of the magnetic hausmannite related to the high iron content. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that all iron is in the trivalent state. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron back-scatter imaging) proved the magnetic hausmannite to be homogeneous in composition, containing only a few minute inclusions of hematite. Magnetic blocking temperatures of the iron-rich hausmannite, approximating the Curie temperature, are of the order of 750 K. It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic state of hausmannite is stabilized and enhanced by replacement of Mn<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> by Fe<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>.</jats:p> |
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| spelling | Gutzmmer, J. Beukes, N. J. Kleyenstuber, A. S. E. Burger, A. M. 0026-461X 1471-8022 Mineralogical Society Geochemistry and Petrology http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12 <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hausmannite (Mn<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>), a manganese oxide with a tetragonally distorted spinel structure, is considered to be ferrimagnetic with a very low Curie temperature of 42.5 K. However, strongly magnetic hausmannite has been discovered in some of the hydrothermally altered high-grade manganese ores of the giant Kalahari manganese deposit in South Africa. EDS-electron microprobe analyses indicate magnetic hausmannite to contain on average between 3 and 11.3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. In contrast non-magnetic hausmannite contains on average about 1–3 wt.% Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>. X-ray powder diffraction analyses reveal small changes in cell dimensions of the magnetic hausmannite related to the high iron content. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests that all iron is in the trivalent state. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (electron back-scatter imaging) proved the magnetic hausmannite to be homogeneous in composition, containing only a few minute inclusions of hematite. Magnetic blocking temperatures of the iron-rich hausmannite, approximating the Curie temperature, are of the order of 750 K. It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic state of hausmannite is stabilized and enhanced by replacement of Mn<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup> by Fe<jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>.</jats:p> Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Mineralogical Magazine |
| spellingShingle | Gutzmmer, J., Beukes, N. J., Kleyenstuber, A. S. E., Burger, A. M., Mineralogical Magazine, Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, Geochemistry and Petrology |
| title | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_full | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_fullStr | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_short | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| title_sort | magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the palaeoproterozoic kalahari manganese deposit, transvaal supergroup, south africa |
| title_unstemmed | Magnetic hausmannite from hydrothermally altered manganese ore in the Palaeoproterozoic Kalahari manganese deposit, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa |
| topic | Geochemistry and Petrology |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.397.12 |