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Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point
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| Zeitschriftentitel: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
|---|---|
| Personen und Körperschaften: | , |
| In: | Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 112, 2007, F2 |
| Format: | E-Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| veröffentlicht: |
American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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| Schlagwörter: |
| author_facet |
Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin |
|---|---|
| author |
Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin |
| spellingShingle |
Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point Paleontology Space and Planetary Science Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) Atmospheric Science Earth-Surface Processes Geochemistry and Petrology Soil Science Water Science and Technology Ecology Aquatic Science Forestry Oceanography Geophysics |
| author_sort |
motyka, roman j. |
| spelling |
Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin 0148-0227 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Paleontology Space and Planetary Science Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) Atmospheric Science Earth-Surface Processes Geochemistry and Petrology Soil Science Water Science and Technology Ecology Aquatic Science Forestry Oceanography Geophysics http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000475 <jats:p>Hubbard Glacier, the largest temperate tidewater glacier in the world, has been advancing since 1895 AD and has now twice dammed 60‐km‐long Russell Fjord, once in 1986 and more recently in 2002. This paper focuses on the 2002 event, when a strong spring advance pushed shallow submarine proglacial sediments against Gilbert Point, closing off Russell Fjord by late June. As a consequence, upstream ice flow decelerated from 5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 1.5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with flow diverging to either side of Gilbert Point. Lake height reached 15 m asl before intense rains caused lake water to overtop the moraine dam on 14 August 2002. Three cubic kilometers of water were released within 30 hours, with peak discharge reaching 55,000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> 24 hours after the flood began. The discharge records for the 1986 and 2002 outbursts differ significantly and reflect differences in lake height (26 m versus 15 m) and dam types (ice versus moraine). The 2002 outburst proceeded in two stages: (1) relatively slow overtopping of the subaerial moraine with downward erosion rates of 1–2 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with little lateral expansion, (2) followed by faster downward erosion of the submarine moraine (up to 7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) with rapid lateral expansion of the channel by ice calving (∼7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The annual average terminus position at Gilbert Point has remained constant since 2002, although there are seasonal variations of 100–200 m. The deep channel, strong tidal currents, and seasonally warm ocean water appear to have prevented the advance of this segment of the terminus despite the glacier's continued advance elsewhere along its terminus. Sediments are slowly filling in the channel at a rate of about 4 m yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, and their steady accumulation may eventually trigger the next closure.</jats:p> Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
| doi_str_mv |
10.1029/2006jf000475 |
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Online Free |
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Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft Physik Technik Geologie und Paläontologie Geographie Chemie und Pharmazie Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft Biologie |
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| title |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_unstemmed |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_full |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_fullStr |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_short |
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_sort |
hubbard glacier, alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of russell fjord and postflood conditions at gilbert point |
| topic |
Paleontology Space and Planetary Science Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) Atmospheric Science Earth-Surface Processes Geochemistry and Petrology Soil Science Water Science and Technology Ecology Aquatic Science Forestry Oceanography Geophysics |
| url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000475 |
| publishDate |
2007 |
| physical |
|
| description |
<jats:p>Hubbard Glacier, the largest temperate tidewater glacier in the world, has been advancing since 1895 AD and has now twice dammed 60‐km‐long Russell Fjord, once in 1986 and more recently in 2002. This paper focuses on the 2002 event, when a strong spring advance pushed shallow submarine proglacial sediments against Gilbert Point, closing off Russell Fjord by late June. As a consequence, upstream ice flow decelerated from 5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 1.5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with flow diverging to either side of Gilbert Point. Lake height reached 15 m asl before intense rains caused lake water to overtop the moraine dam on 14 August 2002. Three cubic kilometers of water were released within 30 hours, with peak discharge reaching 55,000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> 24 hours after the flood began. The discharge records for the 1986 and 2002 outbursts differ significantly and reflect differences in lake height (26 m versus 15 m) and dam types (ice versus moraine). The 2002 outburst proceeded in two stages: (1) relatively slow overtopping of the subaerial moraine with downward erosion rates of 1–2 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with little lateral expansion, (2) followed by faster downward erosion of the submarine moraine (up to 7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) with rapid lateral expansion of the channel by ice calving (∼7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The annual average terminus position at Gilbert Point has remained constant since 2002, although there are seasonal variations of 100–200 m. The deep channel, strong tidal currents, and seasonally warm ocean water appear to have prevented the advance of this segment of the terminus despite the glacier's continued advance elsewhere along its terminus. Sediments are slowly filling in the channel at a rate of about 4 m yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, and their steady accumulation may eventually trigger the next closure.</jats:p> |
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| description | <jats:p>Hubbard Glacier, the largest temperate tidewater glacier in the world, has been advancing since 1895 AD and has now twice dammed 60‐km‐long Russell Fjord, once in 1986 and more recently in 2002. This paper focuses on the 2002 event, when a strong spring advance pushed shallow submarine proglacial sediments against Gilbert Point, closing off Russell Fjord by late June. As a consequence, upstream ice flow decelerated from 5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 1.5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with flow diverging to either side of Gilbert Point. Lake height reached 15 m asl before intense rains caused lake water to overtop the moraine dam on 14 August 2002. Three cubic kilometers of water were released within 30 hours, with peak discharge reaching 55,000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> 24 hours after the flood began. The discharge records for the 1986 and 2002 outbursts differ significantly and reflect differences in lake height (26 m versus 15 m) and dam types (ice versus moraine). The 2002 outburst proceeded in two stages: (1) relatively slow overtopping of the subaerial moraine with downward erosion rates of 1–2 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with little lateral expansion, (2) followed by faster downward erosion of the submarine moraine (up to 7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) with rapid lateral expansion of the channel by ice calving (∼7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The annual average terminus position at Gilbert Point has remained constant since 2002, although there are seasonal variations of 100–200 m. The deep channel, strong tidal currents, and seasonally warm ocean water appear to have prevented the advance of this segment of the terminus despite the glacier's continued advance elsewhere along its terminus. Sediments are slowly filling in the channel at a rate of about 4 m yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, and their steady accumulation may eventually trigger the next closure.</jats:p> |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2006jf000475 |
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| finc_class_facet | Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft, Physik, Technik, Geologie und Paläontologie, Geographie, Chemie und Pharmazie, Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft, Biologie |
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| imprint_str_mv | American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2007 |
| institution | DE-105, DE-14, DE-Ch1, DE-L229, DE-D275, DE-Bn3, DE-Brt1, DE-Zwi2, DE-D161, DE-Gla1, DE-Zi4, DE-15, DE-Pl11, DE-Rs1 |
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| mega_collection | American Geophysical Union (AGU) (CrossRef) |
| physical | |
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| publisher | American Geophysical Union (AGU) |
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| series | Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
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| spelling | Motyka, Roman J. Truffer, Martin 0148-0227 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Paleontology Space and Planetary Science Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) Atmospheric Science Earth-Surface Processes Geochemistry and Petrology Soil Science Water Science and Technology Ecology Aquatic Science Forestry Oceanography Geophysics http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000475 <jats:p>Hubbard Glacier, the largest temperate tidewater glacier in the world, has been advancing since 1895 AD and has now twice dammed 60‐km‐long Russell Fjord, once in 1986 and more recently in 2002. This paper focuses on the 2002 event, when a strong spring advance pushed shallow submarine proglacial sediments against Gilbert Point, closing off Russell Fjord by late June. As a consequence, upstream ice flow decelerated from 5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> to 1.5 m d<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, with flow diverging to either side of Gilbert Point. Lake height reached 15 m asl before intense rains caused lake water to overtop the moraine dam on 14 August 2002. Three cubic kilometers of water were released within 30 hours, with peak discharge reaching 55,000 m<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> s<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> 24 hours after the flood began. The discharge records for the 1986 and 2002 outbursts differ significantly and reflect differences in lake height (26 m versus 15 m) and dam types (ice versus moraine). The 2002 outburst proceeded in two stages: (1) relatively slow overtopping of the subaerial moraine with downward erosion rates of 1–2 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> with little lateral expansion, (2) followed by faster downward erosion of the submarine moraine (up to 7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) with rapid lateral expansion of the channel by ice calving (∼7 m h<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>). The annual average terminus position at Gilbert Point has remained constant since 2002, although there are seasonal variations of 100–200 m. The deep channel, strong tidal currents, and seasonally warm ocean water appear to have prevented the advance of this segment of the terminus despite the glacier's continued advance elsewhere along its terminus. Sediments are slowly filling in the channel at a rate of about 4 m yr<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>, and their steady accumulation may eventually trigger the next closure.</jats:p> Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface |
| spellingShingle | Motyka, Roman J., Truffer, Martin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point, Paleontology, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Atmospheric Science, Earth-Surface Processes, Geochemistry and Petrology, Soil Science, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Aquatic Science, Forestry, Oceanography, Geophysics |
| title | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_full | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_fullStr | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_short | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| title_sort | hubbard glacier, alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of russell fjord and postflood conditions at gilbert point |
| title_unstemmed | Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: 2002 closure and outburst of Russell Fjord and postflood conditions at Gilbert Point |
| topic | Paleontology, Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Atmospheric Science, Earth-Surface Processes, Geochemistry and Petrology, Soil Science, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Aquatic Science, Forestry, Oceanography, Geophysics |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000475 |