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Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and...
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| Zeitschriftentitel: | Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |
|---|---|
| Personen und Körperschaften: | , , , |
| In: | Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 463, 2007, 2080, S. 1081-1095 |
| Format: | E-Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| veröffentlicht: |
The Royal Society
|
| Schlagwörter: |
| author_facet |
Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor |
|---|---|
| author |
Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor |
| spellingShingle |
Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies General Physics and Astronomy General Engineering General Mathematics |
| author_sort |
hegedüs, ramón |
| spelling |
Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor 1364-5021 1471-2946 The Royal Society General Physics and Astronomy General Engineering General Mathematics http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1811 <jats:p> In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> - and <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> -patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high. </jats:p> Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |
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| title |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_unstemmed |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_full |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_fullStr |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_short |
Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_sort |
could vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? on the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| topic |
General Physics and Astronomy General Engineering General Mathematics |
| url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1811 |
| publishDate |
2007 |
| physical |
1081-1095 |
| description |
<jats:p>
In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization
<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>
of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization
<jats:italic>α</jats:italic>
of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the
<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>
- and
<jats:italic>α</jats:italic>
-patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if
<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>
of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high.
</jats:p> |
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| author | Hegedüs, Ramón, Åkesson, Susanne, Wehner, Rüdiger, Horváth, Gábor |
| author_facet | Hegedüs, Ramón, Åkesson, Susanne, Wehner, Rüdiger, Horváth, Gábor, Hegedüs, Ramón, Åkesson, Susanne, Wehner, Rüdiger, Horváth, Gábor |
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| description | <jats:p> In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> - and <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> -patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high. </jats:p> |
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| physical | 1081-1095 |
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| spelling | Hegedüs, Ramón Åkesson, Susanne Wehner, Rüdiger Horváth, Gábor 1364-5021 1471-2946 The Royal Society General Physics and Astronomy General Engineering General Mathematics http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1811 <jats:p> In sunshine, the Vikings navigated on the open sea using sundials. According to a widespread hypothesis, when the Sun was occluded by fog or clouds the Vikings might have navigated by skylight polarization detected with an enigmatic birefringent crystal (sunstone). There are two atmospheric optical prerequisites for this alleged polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy/cloudy skies: (1) the degree of linear polarization <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of skylight should be high enough and (2) at a given Sun position, the pattern of the angle of polarization <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> of the foggy/cloudy sky should be similar to that of the clear sky. Until now, these prerequisites have not been investigated. Using full-sky imaging polarimetry, we measured the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> - and <jats:italic>α</jats:italic> -patterns of Arctic foggy and cloudy skies when the Sun was invisible. These patterns were compared with the polarization patterns of clear Arctic skies. We show here that although prerequisite (2) is always fulfilled under both foggy and cloudy conditions, if the fog layer is illuminated by direct sunlight, prerequisite (1) is usually satisfied only for cloudy skies. In sunlit fog, the Vikings could have navigated by polarization only, if <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> of light from the foggy sky was sufficiently high. </jats:p> Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |
| spellingShingle | Hegedüs, Ramón, Åkesson, Susanne, Wehner, Rüdiger, Horváth, Gábor, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies, General Physics and Astronomy, General Engineering, General Mathematics |
| title | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_full | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_fullStr | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_short | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_sort | could vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? on the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| title_unstemmed | Could Vikings have navigated under foggy and cloudy conditions by skylight polarization? On the atmospheric optical prerequisites of polarimetric Viking navigation under foggy and cloudy skies |
| topic | General Physics and Astronomy, General Engineering, General Mathematics |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.1811 |