author_facet Rahu, Kaja
Rahu, Mati
Zeeb, Hajo
Rahu, Kaja
Rahu, Mati
Zeeb, Hajo
author Rahu, Kaja
Rahu, Mati
Zeeb, Hajo
spellingShingle Rahu, Kaja
Rahu, Mati
Zeeb, Hajo
BMJ Open
Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
General Medicine
author_sort rahu, kaja
spelling Rahu, Kaja Rahu, Mati Zeeb, Hajo 2044-6055 2044-6055 BMJ General Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026210 <jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To quantify sex disparities in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Estonia, to determine the causes of death with the largest differences, to provide insight into related behaviours and to offer some guidance to public health policy-makers based on the results of the study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>A national register-based study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting</jats:title><jats:p>Estonia.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data</jats:title><jats:p>Individual records of deaths at ages 20–69 years in 1995–2016 from the Estonian causes of death register; data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in the adult population in 1996–2016 from the biennial postal survey of health behaviour.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures</jats:title><jats:p>Overall and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates, average annual percentage changes in mortality, and cause-specific men-to-women mortality rate ratios were calculated. In addition, the age-standardised prevalence proportions of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and men-to-women prevalence rate ratios were determined.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Overall premature adult mortality decreased considerably during 1995–2016, but no reduction was observed with respect to the large relative sex disparities. In circulatory disease mortality, the disparities widened significantly over time. Extremely high mortality rate ratios were observed for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and for lung cancer. There was a stable, more than fivefold male excess mortality from external causes. A fourfold male disadvantage was evident for alcohol poisoning, mental disorders due to alcohol and alcohol-related degeneration of the nervous system as a group. The prevalence of tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption among men exceeded that among women by factors of two and six, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Even though premature adult mortality has markedly decreased over time, there has been no success in diminishing the large sex differences in the mortality patterns, mostly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, both more prevalent among men. Estonia needs a comprehensive and consistent alcohol policy while maintaining and further developing antitobacco measures.</jats:p></jats:sec> Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study BMJ Open
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title Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_unstemmed Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_full Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_fullStr Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_full_unstemmed Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_short Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_sort sex disparities in premature adult mortality in estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
topic General Medicine
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026210
publishDate 2019
physical e026210
description <jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To quantify sex disparities in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Estonia, to determine the causes of death with the largest differences, to provide insight into related behaviours and to offer some guidance to public health policy-makers based on the results of the study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>A national register-based study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting</jats:title><jats:p>Estonia.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data</jats:title><jats:p>Individual records of deaths at ages 20–69 years in 1995–2016 from the Estonian causes of death register; data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in the adult population in 1996–2016 from the biennial postal survey of health behaviour.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures</jats:title><jats:p>Overall and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates, average annual percentage changes in mortality, and cause-specific men-to-women mortality rate ratios were calculated. In addition, the age-standardised prevalence proportions of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and men-to-women prevalence rate ratios were determined.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Overall premature adult mortality decreased considerably during 1995–2016, but no reduction was observed with respect to the large relative sex disparities. In circulatory disease mortality, the disparities widened significantly over time. Extremely high mortality rate ratios were observed for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and for lung cancer. There was a stable, more than fivefold male excess mortality from external causes. A fourfold male disadvantage was evident for alcohol poisoning, mental disorders due to alcohol and alcohol-related degeneration of the nervous system as a group. The prevalence of tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption among men exceeded that among women by factors of two and six, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Even though premature adult mortality has markedly decreased over time, there has been no success in diminishing the large sex differences in the mortality patterns, mostly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, both more prevalent among men. Estonia needs a comprehensive and consistent alcohol policy while maintaining and further developing antitobacco measures.</jats:p></jats:sec>
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author Rahu, Kaja, Rahu, Mati, Zeeb, Hajo
author_facet Rahu, Kaja, Rahu, Mati, Zeeb, Hajo, Rahu, Kaja, Rahu, Mati, Zeeb, Hajo
author_sort rahu, kaja
container_issue 7
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description <jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To quantify sex disparities in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Estonia, to determine the causes of death with the largest differences, to provide insight into related behaviours and to offer some guidance to public health policy-makers based on the results of the study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>A national register-based study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting</jats:title><jats:p>Estonia.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data</jats:title><jats:p>Individual records of deaths at ages 20–69 years in 1995–2016 from the Estonian causes of death register; data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in the adult population in 1996–2016 from the biennial postal survey of health behaviour.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures</jats:title><jats:p>Overall and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates, average annual percentage changes in mortality, and cause-specific men-to-women mortality rate ratios were calculated. In addition, the age-standardised prevalence proportions of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and men-to-women prevalence rate ratios were determined.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Overall premature adult mortality decreased considerably during 1995–2016, but no reduction was observed with respect to the large relative sex disparities. In circulatory disease mortality, the disparities widened significantly over time. Extremely high mortality rate ratios were observed for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and for lung cancer. There was a stable, more than fivefold male excess mortality from external causes. A fourfold male disadvantage was evident for alcohol poisoning, mental disorders due to alcohol and alcohol-related degeneration of the nervous system as a group. The prevalence of tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption among men exceeded that among women by factors of two and six, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Even though premature adult mortality has markedly decreased over time, there has been no success in diminishing the large sex differences in the mortality patterns, mostly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, both more prevalent among men. Estonia needs a comprehensive and consistent alcohol policy while maintaining and further developing antitobacco measures.</jats:p></jats:sec>
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spelling Rahu, Kaja Rahu, Mati Zeeb, Hajo 2044-6055 2044-6055 BMJ General Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026210 <jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>To quantify sex disparities in cause-specific premature adult mortality in Estonia, to determine the causes of death with the largest differences, to provide insight into related behaviours and to offer some guidance to public health policy-makers based on the results of the study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design</jats:title><jats:p>A national register-based study.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting</jats:title><jats:p>Estonia.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data</jats:title><jats:p>Individual records of deaths at ages 20–69 years in 1995–2016 from the Estonian causes of death register; data on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption in the adult population in 1996–2016 from the biennial postal survey of health behaviour.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures</jats:title><jats:p>Overall and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates, average annual percentage changes in mortality, and cause-specific men-to-women mortality rate ratios were calculated. In addition, the age-standardised prevalence proportions of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and men-to-women prevalence rate ratios were determined.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Overall premature adult mortality decreased considerably during 1995–2016, but no reduction was observed with respect to the large relative sex disparities. In circulatory disease mortality, the disparities widened significantly over time. Extremely high mortality rate ratios were observed for cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract and for lung cancer. There was a stable, more than fivefold male excess mortality from external causes. A fourfold male disadvantage was evident for alcohol poisoning, mental disorders due to alcohol and alcohol-related degeneration of the nervous system as a group. The prevalence of tobacco smoking and harmful alcohol consumption among men exceeded that among women by factors of two and six, respectively.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Even though premature adult mortality has markedly decreased over time, there has been no success in diminishing the large sex differences in the mortality patterns, mostly associated with smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, both more prevalent among men. Estonia needs a comprehensive and consistent alcohol policy while maintaining and further developing antitobacco measures.</jats:p></jats:sec> Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study BMJ Open
spellingShingle Rahu, Kaja, Rahu, Mati, Zeeb, Hajo, BMJ Open, Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study, General Medicine
title Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_full Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_fullStr Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_full_unstemmed Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_short Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_sort sex disparities in premature adult mortality in estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
title_unstemmed Sex disparities in premature adult mortality in Estonia 1995–2016: a national register-based study
topic General Medicine
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026210